Today, a little about the fact that the new is better absorbed through the already known. It so happened that I write for $dayjob in Java, so I will come from this side. Java 1.5 introduces an interesting syntactic form – annotations. It looks something like this:
/**
* @deprecated use #getId() method instead
*/
@Override
public String getName() {
return "stub";
}The example shows an annotation @Deprecated that causes the runtime to print a warning to the console every time the getName method is used. In addition, explanatory information has been added to the Javadoc.
In general, annotations in Java are a mechanism for adding some metadata to classes, objects, types, etc., which can be used later at the stage of compilation, execution, or static analysis of the code. With the help of them, for example, it is possible to implement a code decoupling strategy – so that some program components work together with others, without having a rigid connection. This strategy builds on the idea of Inversion of Control and is the core of the Spring library.
But that’s enough Java. What is similar to the annotation engine in Raku? Raku has Traits, a syntax that can be used to mark classes and objects. These labels are processed during compilation of the program. Depending on the wishes of the programmer, the effect of such processing can have an impact on the course of program execution.
For example, consider a similar annotation to the @Deprecated construct from the Raku spec:
sub get-name(--> Str) is DEPRECATED('get-id() method') {
'stub'
}is DEPRECATED is a trait. The argument to this trait can provide an alternative to the deprecated code. After the program finishes, during the execution of which the get-name function was called, a message will be displayed indicating where and how many times the obsolete code was executed:
Saw 1 occurrence of deprecated code.
======================================================================
Sub get-name (from GLOBAL) seen at:
~ / advent.raku, line 13
Please use get-id() method instead.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Please contact the author to have these occurrences of deprecated code adapted, so that this message will disappear!
Obsolete
is DEPRECATED is a trait from the standard library. To understand how it works, let’s try to write our analogue under the name obsolete. First, let’s define the storage of the collected information – a class that stores and updates the number of function calls and is able to display a report:
class ObsoleteTraitData {
has $.routine-name is required;
has $.user-hint;
has $!execution-amount = 0;
method executed() { $!execution-amount++ }
method report() {
return unless $!execution-amount;
note "Obsolete routine $!routine-name is executed $!execution-amount times.";
note $_ with $!user-hint;
}
}Now we declare a test trait – this is an ordinary multifunction with a name trait_mod:<is> and two arguments: the first is what the trait will be applied to (in our case, this is a Routine), the second is the name:
say 'run-time';
multi trait_mod:<is>(Routine $r, :$obsolete!) {
say 'compile-time'
}
sub get-name(--> Str) is obsolete {
'stub'
}
say get-name;
# Output: compil-time
# run-time
# stubThe most important thing to understand about traits is that their functions are executed at compile time, not at program execution. This can be clearly seen from the output of the code above. Let’s remember what we want to achieve – a report on the execution of obsolete code before the program terminates. We can obtain this information only during the execution. To affect compile-time execution, the trait must modify the function in some way. In our case, you can add via the function phaser ENTER. This is a special block that is executed before the first statement of the function is executed. That is, we make the function get-name looks something like this:
sub get-name(--> Str) {
ENTER { $obsolete-trait-data.executed }
'stub'
}We cannot touch the code of the function itself, but we can do the necessary manipulations during compilation. We take the function name, a possible hint for the user, create a new type object ObsoleteTraitData, put it in the local associative variable %obsolete-trait-data and add the necessary phaser:
my ObsoleteTraitData %obsolete-trait-data;
multi trait_mod:<is>(Routine $r, :$obsolete!) {
my $routine-name = $r.name;
my $user-hint = $obsolete ~~ Str ?? $obsolete !! Any;
%obsolete-trait-data{$routine-name} =
ObsoleteTraitData.new(:$routine-name, :$user-hint);
$r.add_phaser('ENTER', -> {
%obsolete-trait-data{$routine-name}.executed;
});
}Now, when the function get-name is executed, the ObsoleteTraitData object will update its state. Thus, we influenced the program execution flow during compilation. It remains only to display the report. To do this, we will add another phaser END to the main code. Its block is executed just before the end of the program. Thus, we get the following picture:
class ObsoleteTraitData { #`(described above) }
my ObsoleteTraitData %obsolete-trait-data;
END { .report for %obsolete-trait-data.values }
multi trait_mod:<is>(Routine $r, :$obsolete!) { #`(described above) }
sub get-name(--> Str) is obsolete('Please use get-id() instead.') {
'stub'
}
sub another-obsolete() is obsolete {}
get-name();
another-obsolete();
get-name();
# Output:
# Obsolete routine get-name is executed 2 times.
# Please use get-id() instead.
# Obsolete routine another-obsolete is executed 1 times.Override
Another commonly used annotation in Java is @Override on a class method. The case where it does not override a super-class method is considered a compilation error. It will not be difficult to make a similar trait – we will not have to go beyond the compilation stage. We declare a trait with a name override that applies only to methods:
multi trait_mod:<is>(Method $m, :$override!) {We check that the method is a member of the class, otherwise we exit:
return unless $m.package.HOW ~~ Metamodel::ClassHOW;We check that the class of the owner of the method has parents. To do this, we will use the meta-method ^mro, which will return a list of all parent classes, including itself, Any and Mu (we will filter them from consideration):
my $class = $m.package;
my $method-point = $class.^name ~ '::' ~ $m.name;
my @parents = $class.^mro[1 ..^ *-2];
die "is override trait cannot be used without parent class $method-point." unless @parents;We go through all the parents and their methods in search of one that matches in name and signature. Comparing method signatures is not a very trivial task, and here we will hide its implementation behind a function check-signature-eq:
for @parents -> $parent {
for $parent.^methods -> $parent-method {
return if $parent-method.name eq $m.name &&
check-signature-eq($parent-method.signature, $m.signature)
}
}If the parents did not find the required method, they will return an error:
die "$method-point does not override any parent methods.";
}As a result, we get the following:
multi trait_mod:<is>(Method $m, :$override!) { #`(described above) }
class A {
method from-a(:$r) {}
}
class B is A {
method from-a($r) is override { # missed a colon
say 'from-b'
}
}
# Output: B::from-a does not override any parent methods.
# Exit code: 1Suppress
We have already managed to implement the logic of the Java annotations @Deprecated and @Override. Let’s try to implement the logic of @SuppressWarnings. This annotation applies to the function and suppresses its warning messages. Also, you can specify which warnings will be suppressed.
In Raku, warnings can be displayed using a function warn. It throws a special exception, which is printed to the error stream, and the execution process resumes where it was. You can catch such an exception using a special phaser CONTROL. That is, as in the case with @Deprecated, we need to modify the function by adding the desired phaser. Let’s try something new and use the function wrapper instead of add_phaser. How does it work? We are replacing one function with another that can call the original (by the routine callsame) at its discretion . Inside this function, we will insert a phaser CONTROL, which will mimic the standard behavior, but not for suppressed warnings:
multi trait_mod:<is>(Routine $b, :$suppress-warnings) {
my $regex = $suppress-warnings ~~ Str
?? / <$suppress-warnings> /
!! Any;
$b.wrap(sub with-control(|c) {
callsame;
CONTROL {
when CX::Warn {
.note if $regex.defined && $_.message !~~ $regex;
.resume
}
}
});
}
sub work-in-progress() is suppress-warnings('todo') {
warn 'important warn';
warn 'todo warn';
}
work-in-progress()
# Output:
# important warn
# in sub work-in-progress at ~/trait-supress.raku line 15Serialize
All that remains is to discuss user-defined annotations. As I said above, Java annotations are a way to attach some meta information to a class or object. Thereafter, at compile time, or more often at runtime, the annotated objects are checked to see if they have the information they need. In Raku, roles are great for this. Consider the problem of adding the simplest serialization system to a class. Let’s write a class and mark it up our future trait:
class Person is serialize-name('Passport') {
has $.first;
has $.second is serialize-name('Second name');
has $.third is serialize-name('Honorific');
}You can see that trait serialize-name applies to both the class itself and its attributes.
The trait for the attribute looks like this:
role SerializableAttribute {
has $.serialize-name;
}
multi trait_mod:<is>(Attribute $a, :$serialize-name!) {
$a does SerializableAttribute(:$serialize-name);
}Above, the trait adds a new SerializableAttribute role to the attribute. This role itself injects a new attribute into the attribute 🙂 The value of the new trait attribute is passed through its argument.
The trait for the class looks like this:
role SerializableClass[$name] {
method serialize() {
say $name, '| ', self.^name;
say .serialize-name, '<-', .get_value(self)
for self.^attributes(:local) .grep(*.^can('serialize-name'));
}
}
multi trait_mod:<is>(Mu:U $c, :$serialize-name!) {
return unless $c.HOW ~~ Metamodel::ClassHOW;
$c.^add_role(SerializableClass[$serialize-name]);
}Above, you can see that trait checks that it applies exactly to the class and adds a special role SerializableClass. This role adds a new method serialize to the class that implements all the serialization logic. In particular, it filters the list of all class attributes based on the presence of a method serialize-name.
If we run all this, we get:
Person.new(:first<John>, :second<Hancock>, :third<Mr>).serialize();
# Output:
# Passport | Person
# Second name <- Hancock
# Honorific <- MrConclusion
As we can see, traits are a pretty powerful tool, but like everything in the Raku world, it can be used in very different ways. For example, in Java, when declaring their annotations, the programmer must indicate to what stage its action extends (only at the code level, until the end of compilation, or until the end of the application). You can also specify whether the annotation will be inherited by child classes, and whether it can be specified multiple times. On the other hand, traits in Raku give the programmer complete freedom of action. You now have the knowledge to write your own Inversion of Control/Dependency Injection system like Java Spring Core using Raku traits.
![xkcd 2347, CC BY-NC 2.5. [A tower of blocks is shown. The upper half consists of many tiny blocks balanced on top of one another to form smaller towers, labeled:] All modern digital infrastructure [The blocks rest on larger blocks lower down in the image, finally on a single large block. This is balanced on top of a set of blocks on the left, and on the right, a single tiny block placed on its side. This one is labeled:] A project some random person in Nebraska has been thanklessly maintaining since 2003. {alt-text:} Someday ImageMagick will finally break for good and we'll have a long period of scrambling as we try to reassemble civilization from the rubble.](https://raku-advent.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/xkcd_dependency.png)
Raku Advent Calendar 